Pengelolaan Hutan dan Aliran Air di Indonesia

Dampak pembangunan terhadap kesehatan dan kehidupan

Sumber daya hutan dan daerah aliran sungai Indonesia tidak memberi kontribusi yang seharusnya terhadap pengurangan kemiskinan, pembangunan ekonomi dan sosial serta kesinambungan lingkungan. Malahan, area hutan terancam degradasi, fragmentasi dan kehancuran. Seperempat "kawasan hutan negara" kekurangan tutupan pohon. Dalam tahun-tahun terakhir, Indonesia kehilangan area hutan sampai 2 juta hektar per tahun, sebagian besar karena penebangan liar dan konversi tahan yang didorong kapasitas pemrosesan berlebihd an kurangnya pengelolaan dan penegakan hukum yang efektif. Hilangnya hutan merusak kehidupan pedesaan, layanan ekosistem dan kemampuan Indonesia untuk mencapai sasaran pengentasan kemiskinan. Tata kelola hutam yang buruk merusak iklim investasi, potensi ekonomi pedesaan serta daya saing dan reputasi Indonesia. Tindak pidana di hutan memperburuk masalah anggaran dan perimbangan keuangan, serta mengalihkan pendapatan masyarakat yang dapat digunakan untuk pengentasan kemiskinan dan tujuan pembangunan. Bersamaan dengan bergeraknya Indonesia dari transisi menuju stabilisasi dan pertumbuhan, ada peluang besar untuk membantu pemerintah menemukan cara baru dalam mengelola kawasan hutan melalui kemitraan dengan masyarakat lokal, memberi kontribusi terhadap demokrasi, keadilan, kesetaraan, investasi sektor pedesaan, pekerjaan dan pertumbuhan.

Akar permasalahan

Perundangan di Indonesia menetapkan tujuan jelas untuk sektor kehutanan: output ekonomi, distribusi manfaat yang adil untuk meningkatkan kesejahteraan rakyat, perlindungan daerah aliran sungai dan konservasi. Tujuan-tujuan konsisten dengan kebijakan Bank Dunia mengenai pengelolaan hutan, yang dibangun di atas tiga tujuan yang saling berhubungan: menguatkan potensi hutan untuk mengentaskan kemiskinan, mengintegrasikan hutan dalam pembangunan ekonomi berkesinambungan, dan melindungi nilai hutan global. Namun, Indonesia belum berhasil mencapai tujuan-tujuan ini, terutama dalam area kesinambungan dan kesetaraan. Tujuan Bank Dunia adalah membantu Pemerintah Indonesia dalam mencapai tujuan dan komitmen pengelolaan hutan serta mempromosikan dialog kebijakan yang lebih luas di antara pemangku kepentingan sektor hutan.

Untuk Informasi Lebih Lanjut:
 Download Laporan: Strategic Options for Forest Assistance in Indonesia  (6mb)


Strategi pemerintah
Sektor kehutanan Indonesia telah lama mengalami krisis, namun banyak pengamat dan analis yakin bahwa dukungan berkelanjutan dari donor terhadap kehutanan penting dan kemungkinan keberhasilan saat ini lebih tinggi dibandingkan di masa lalu. Hal ini karena demokratisasi dan desentralisasi pemerintah menciptakan tekanan politik yang positif. Presiden terpilih Indonesia memiliki komitmen terhadap tata pemerintahan yang baik dan pemberantasan korupsi. Perilaku dan peran pemerintah, perusahaan-perusahaan besar dan masyarakat sipil mulai berubah. Pengambilan keputusan pusat lebih konsultatif dan transparan. Pemerintah daerah menjadi lebih tanggap dan bertanggung jawab. Masyarakat sipil dan dunia usaha membangun kembali hubungan yang lebih konstruktif. Dalam Departemen Kehutanan, proses evolusi dan reformasi bertahap menghasilkan peluang baru keterlibatan yang berarti.


Bantuan Bank Dunia dan donor utama lain
Di sektor kehutanan, strategi bantuan Bank Dunia dalam tiga tahun terakhir mengarah pada peningkatan pengelolaan dan tata pemerintahan untuk mendukung pemerintah dan masyarakat dalam pengelolaan, konservasi, pembangunan dan dialog kehutanan yang berkesinambungan. Bank Dunia dapat membantu Indonesia dalam dua cara utama: pertama, mendukung peningkatan kebijakan dan praktik manajemen untuk membantu Indonesia mencapai tujuan dan komitmennya sendiri; dan kedua, mempromosikan dialog yang lebih luas di antara para pemangku kepentingan untuk memastikan bahwa tujuan pengelolaan hutan jelas, realistis dan diterima secara luas.


Kesenjangan strategis dalam strategi pemerintah dan tanggapan donor
Walaupun kerangka kerja hukum Indonesia termasuk wajar, kebijakan dan praktik pengelolaannya sering tidak konsisten dengan kerangka kerja tersebut. Pengelolaan yang baik harus dibangun di atas lembaga yang bertanggung jawab, negara hukum dan kebijakan yang sehat. Langkah-langkah menuju pengelolaan hutan yang lebih terstruktur akan membantu menciptakan prediktabilitas, transparansi dan pertanggungjawaban yang diperlukan untuk peningkatan tata pemerintahan. Ada peluang untuk berfokus pada peningkatan reformasi yang telah ada, dukungan terhadap pemenang, penyediaan dukungan analitis untuk pendekatan baru, dan klarifikasi kebijakan dan lingkungan perundangan.

Reformasi diperlukan untuk:
membuat informasi tersedia secara transparan; mendukung prakarsa Pemerintah mengenai penebangan liar dan restrukturisasi industri; melindungi area konservasi yang ada; mengklarifikasi peran, tanggung jawab dan insentif di bawah desentralisasi; serta mendukung dialog dan kemitraan. Pada saat yang sama, ada kebutuhan untuk mengenali pendekatan di masa lalu yang tidak efektif dan cara-cara baru melakukan bisnis yang dibutuhkan untuk mencapai tingkat keterlibatan dan keefektifan yang baru.

Source : http://go.worldbank.org/P90YIHG1V0

Read More

Arctic sea ice likely to hit record low next week

Faster Arctic Ocean melting is
just one of global warming's positive feedback loops

(Reuters | 20/8) - Sea ice in the Arctic Ocean is likely to shrink to a record small size sometime next week, and then keep on melting, a scientist at the U.S. National Snow and Ice Data Center said on Monday.

"A new daily record ... would be likely by the end of August," said Ted Scambos, lead scientist at the data center, which monitors ice in the Arctic and elsewhere. "Chances are it will cross the previous record while we're still in sea ice retreat."

The amount of sea ice in the Arctic is important because this region is a potent global weather-maker, sometimes characterized as the world's air conditioner. This year, the loss of sea ice in the Arctic has suggested a possible opening of the Northwest Passage north of Canada and Alaska and the Northern Sea Route by Europe and Siberia.

As parts of the Arctic melted, 2012 also set records for heat and drought in much of the Northern Hemisphere temperate zone, especially the continental United States.

This summer could see the ice retreat to less than 1.5 million square miles (4 million square km), an unprecedented low, Scambos said.

The previous record was set in 2007, when Arctic ice cover shrank to 1.66 million square miles (4.28 million square km), 23 percent below the earlier record set in 2005 and 39 percent below the long-term average from 1979 to 2000.

However, 2007 was a jaw-dropping "perfect storm" of conditions that primed the area for thawing sea ice: warmer and sunnier than usual, with extremely warm ocean water and winds all working together to melt the Arctic.

Last year, Arctic sea ice extended over the second-smallest area on record, but that was considered to be closer to a "new normal" rather than the extreme conditions of 2007, NSIDC said then.

This year is similar to 2011, Scambos said by telephone from Colorado. The melt season started between 10 days to two weeks earlier than usual in some critical areas including northern Europe and Siberia.

SIGNS OF CLIMATE CHANGE

If the sea ice record is broken this month, that would be unusually early in the season; last year's low point came on September 9, 2011.

Typically, the melting of Arctic sea ice slows down in August as the Northern Hemisphere moves toward fall, but this year, it has speeded up, Scambos said. "I doubt there's been another year that had as rapid an early August retreat," he said.

Overall, the decline of Arctic sea ice has happened faster than projected by the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change five years ago, according to NSIDC data ( here  ).

To Scambos, these are clear signs of climate change spurred by human activities, notably the emission of heat-trapping greenhouse gases including carbon dioxide.

"Everything about this points in the same direction: we've made the Earth warmer," he said.

This summer has also seen unusual melting of the ice sheet covering Greenland, with NASA images showing that for a few days in July, 97 percent of the northern island's surface was thawing. The same month also saw an iceberg twice the size of Manhattan break free from Greenland's Petermann Glacier.

The change is apparent from an NSIDC graphic showing current Arctic ice cover compared with the 1979-2000 average, Scambos said. The graphic is online at nsidc.org/arcticseaicenews/  .

"What you're seeing is more open ocean than you're seeing ice," he said. "It just simply doesn't look like what a polar scientist expects the arctic to look like. It's wide open and the (ice) cap is very small. It's a visceral thing. You look at it and that just doesn't look like the Arctic Ocean any more."

(Editing by Doina Chiacu)

(This story corrects the name of the agency to U.S. National Snow and Ice Data Center, instead of U.S. National Climate Data Center, in the first paragraph)

Source : http://goo.gl/pVjeB

Read More

10 Sectors for a Greener Planet

Buildings

Construction has consequences - let's construct a better world!

• Construction and buildings take a large toll on global resources and climate.
• A home or business energy audit can reduce your building's climate footprint and lead to significant savings in energy costs.
• Shopping around for home improvements or landscaping? Reduce your impact by seeking out low-impact construction and landscaping firms.
• You can support a resource-efficient Green Economy by taking charge of the buildings in your life. GreenUp!

Fisheries

Seafood is delicious and healthy - but depleting our fish stocks isn't!

• Overfishing in many parts of the world threatens to deplete future fish stocks. We can avoid this by working now to promote sustainable fishing practices. 
• Research ecolabels in your area and buy seafood products that have been harvested sustainably.
• By choosing sustainably harvested seafood, you send a message to producers that you support a Green Economy for fisheries. GreenUp

Forestry

Forests support livelihoods, societies and cultures, our climate, and a plethora of wildlife and ecosystems.

• Deforestation accounts for close to 20% of the world’s greenhouse gas emissions.
• Sustainably managed forests can continue to support communities and ecosystems without damaging environment and climate.
• Use electronic files to reduce your demand for paper products, and seek out timber and paper products that come from certified sustainable forests.
• When you support certified sustainable forest products, you support a healthy environment and sustainable livelihoods. GreenUp!

Transport

Congestion, pollution, traffic accidents . . . there's a better way!

• Riding alone in your car isn't just environmentally and economically inefficient, it's lonely!
• Carpooling or taking public transport reduces environmental impacts and economic costs while strengthening community.
• Walking or riding a bike for short trips is good for your health - and the environment's, too!
• When you choose alternative transportation methods, you support a Green Economy in the transport sector. GreenUp!

Water

Use water wisely!

• Billions of people worldwide lack access to clean drinking water or improved sanitation services - and population growth will worsen the problem.
• Taking small steps towards wise water use can help conserve this precious resource.
• Turn off the tap when you're not using it, wait until you have a full load to run your laundry or dishwasher, limit shower time, and don't water your lawn right after a rain.
• Resource efficiency is key to a Green Economy and water is one of our most important resources. GreenUp!

Agriculture

Use your consumer power to support local, organic and sustainable agriculture!

• The population is growing! It's time to support sustainable agriculture to ensure our ability to feed EVERYONE.
• Grow your own veggies, eat in-season, and shop local farmers' markets.
• When you buy local, organic, and sustainable food products, you send a message to producers that you support a Green Economy for agriculture. GreenUp!

Energy Supply

Our lifestyles demand energy, but is the demand too great on our resources?

• The current mainstream energy sources - oil, coal, gas, etc. - are not only harmful to health and environment, they're not sustainable in a world of growing energy needs.
• You can support the development of clean, renewable energy by choosing businesses and products that invest in them - or by investing in them yourself!
• While we work towards a transition to renewable energy, consider ways to improve your personal energy efficiency. Turn off lights and unplug appliances when you aren't using them. Don't heat your house when no one's home.
• You can help build a Green Economy by supporting clean, sustainable energy sources and becoming a model of energy efficiency. GreenUp

Tourism

Tread lightly on your travel destinations.

• Tourism can be great for local economies, but not if it results in negative environmental and social impacts.
• The same principles apply to supporting a Green Economy both at home and afar: buy local, travel with others, limit water and energy use, etc.
• Know before you go: What hotels and travel agencies support ecotourism? How can I limit my impact on sensitive habitats?
• When you support ecotourism, you help the communities in your travel destinations achieve economic growth without sacrificing environmental and social well-being. GreenUp!

Waste

If everything you buy becomes waste, where will we put it all?

• Throwing something away means losing the chance to reuse materials and can contribute to methane (the most potent greenhouse gas) emissions from landfills.
• Electronics in particular are only recycled at a rate of 15% globally.
• Recycling appropriate materials and composting food waste reduces the impact of landfills as well as the demand on our natural resources to produce more materials.
• Learn about recycling opportunities in your community and support a more resource-efficient Green Economy. GreenUp!

Manufacturing and Industry

It's no big secret that industry and manufacturing have been rough on the environment - but things can change, and you can help!

• Industry and manufacturing drive employment and economic growth in many countries, but is it worth it to employ someone to pollute?
• Be a wise consumer - support businesses that have sustainability plans, use ecolabels, and invest in renewable energy.
• Greenwashing is everywhere! But many companies are sincerely committed to achieving sustainability. Do your homework and ask questions.
• When you choose a sustainable business over a 'business-as-usual,' you send the message that it's time for industry and manufacturing to transition to a Green Economy. GreenUp!

Read More

What is the Green Economy?

The global financial crisis that began in 2007, and is still resonant today, is considered by many economists as the worst financial crisis since the Great Depression of the 1930s. One of the key lessons we can draw from this experience is that running economies the way we’ve always done, doing business as usual, is clearly not an option. The new Green Economy is therefore a proposal for an alternative and far more sustainable way of doing business.

A green economy is described as one that results in improved human well-being and social equity, while significantly reducing environmental risks and ecological scarcities. In other words, we can think of a green economy as an economic environment that achieves low carbon emissions, resource efficiency and at the same time is socially inclusive.

The Green Economy Initiative

The UNEP-led Green Economy Initiative, launched in late 2008, provides a comprehensive and practical working mechanism, through analysis and policy support for investing in green sectors and in greening environmental unfriendly sectors.

The Green Economy Initiative has three main activities, which are to produce a Green Economy Report and related research materials, which will analyse the macroeconomic, sustainability, and poverty reduction implications of green investment in a range of sectors; to provide advisory services on ways to move towards a green economy in specific countries; and to engage a wide range of research, non-governmental organizations, business and UN partners in implementing the Green Economy Initiative.

Green jobs

So why the fuss? Regardless of the environmental benefits and options for sustainability, investment into a Green Economy is captured in several reports as an agent for creating millions of new jobs, such UNEP’s Green Jobs report. One of the main engines for economic growth is a higher rate of employment, which both reduces a burden on the economy and gives consumers the purchasing power to sustain lives through supporting industries.

By 2008, over 2.3 million people in just six leading countries in green jobs were employed in this low-carbon sector (China, Denmark, Germany, India Spain, and the United States). The Green Economy is therefore not just a passing environmental fad but is one of the best solutions available for sustainable economic growth that recognizes the social component.

Source : http://www.unep.org/wed/greeneconomy/

Read More

Penggundulan Hutan Indonesia Tinggal 0.5 juta Hektar per Tahun

Jakarta Penggundulan hutan di Indonesia memang masih terjadi. Namun dalam sepuluh tahun terakhir, tingkat penggundulan hutan terus menurun signifikan setelah pemerintah menerapkan kebijakan moratorium izin baru pembukaan hutan dan menolak perpanjangan izin yang sudah ada.

"Laju deforestasi kami telah menurun dari 3,5 juta hektar per tahun, menjadi kurang dari setengah juta hektar per tahun dalam periode dekade," kata Presiden Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono.

Hal ini disampaikan SBY dalam pidatonya mengenai Sustainable Gworth with Equity. Pidato disampaikannya dalam acara di Kampus CIFOR (Center for International Foresty Research), Situ Gede, Bogor, Rabu (13/6/2012).

Situasi demikian jauh berbeda dibandingkan era 1970 hingga 1980-an ketika pengelolaan hutan yang berkelanjutan belum menjadi kebijakan. Pemerintah kala itu membuka peluang kepada siapa saja melakukan penebangan hutan sepanjang mendatangkan manfaat ekonomi bagi pembangunan.

"Tampaknya hal yang logis untuk dilakukan saat itu. Kami punya banyak hutan, kita harus mengurangi kemiskinan dan kami butuhkan untuk tumbuh ekonomi kita. Akibatnya, ada saat kita mengalami deforestasi yang sangat serius," papar SBY.

Menyadari kebijakan tersebut keliru sebab mendatangkan konsekuensi ekologis luar biasa bagi warga, pemerintah melakukan koreksi. Kebijakan tersebut ditiadakan dengan menolak ijin pembukaan ijin baru dan perpanjangan ijin yang sudah ada, larangan ekspor kayu gelondongan, optimalisasi lahan gambut, memberantas penebangan liar serta mendorong penghijauan kembali lahan hutan.

"Kami melewati sebuah hukum yang permanen akan menghemat 35 % hutan tropis hujan," imbuh SBY.

Pada saat bersamaan, program "1 Juta Pohon" telah menembus target secara luar biasa. Selama dua tahun terakhir, jumlah bibit pohon yang telah ditanam di berbagai lahan gundul seluruh Indonesia tercatat mencapai 3,2 miliar batang pohon. 

"Singkatnya, untuk mempromosikan kebijakan kehutanan yang berkelanjutan kami mengambil pelajaran dari masa lalu, menemukan masalah serius, membuat penyesuaian, memperkenalkan kebijakan baru dan reformasi model pembangunan. Kami tidak menyalahkan masa lalu, tetapi kami mengambil tindakan untuk memperbaiki masa depan," ujar SBY.

Bukan berarti semua program tersebut berjalan lancar-lancar saja. Di lapangan ada saja hambatan teknis dan semoat berkembang opini miring mengenainya yang kemungkinan didorong oleh pihak-pihak yang merasa dirugikan kepentingannya. 

"Di dalam semua ini, kemauan politik sangat penting sebab tidak selalu mudah memajukan kebijakan yang ramah lingkungan. Tapi itu perlu dan benar untuk dilakukan. Jadi kita mendorong keras untuk hal itu meski beberapa perlawanan," jelas SBY.

Sumber : http://news.detik.com/read/2012/06/13/180856/1940696/10/penggundulan-hutan-indonesia-tinggal-05-juta-hektar-per-tahun

Read More